Hey Mad! There is no standard when it comes to microphones, people pick them based on what they need for the job and then what sounds best and what they can afford, all those diagrams show is how each mic picks up its signal you can have good vocals using a Shure SM57 or SM58 for about $100, What application are you working with? it will depend, are you trying to mic drums? Are you just needing a vocal mic? It will depend, Microphones vary you can go from $100-$7000 and more. Some Microphones will cost more than a fuckin car believe it or not, handmade type shit no machinery.
Dr Dre uses a $7000 microphone most of the time.
I use a radio shack mic lol (and others)
Condenser mics are used mainly for pro vocals in studio
tube condenser mics are used as well for vocals and instruments
dynamic mics are used for vocals on stage
That's my knowledge of this maybe other peeps can help, but don't worry about the diagrams too much, there is no standard it always depends on what your working with in the lab.